Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates |
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| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates |
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented have been included and are normal and recurring in nature All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year’s presentation. Such reclassifications had no net effect on previously reported financial results. All common share and per share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the one-for-seven reverse stock split completed on May 4, 2016. See Note 13, Capitalization and Equity Structure – Reverse Stock Split. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. For the Company, these estimates include, but are not limited to: revenue recognition, deferred revenue and the deferral of associated costs, valuation of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives assigned to long-lived assets, realizability of deferred tax assets, valuation of common and preferred stock warrants, the valuation of options, and contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Foreign Currency Translation
The assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries, where the local currency is the functional currency, are translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S. dollars at the rates in effect at the balance sheet date and revenue and expense amounts are translated at average rates during the period, with resulting foreign currency translation adjustments recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders’ equity. Where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, foreign currency re-measurement adjustments are recorded in other expense, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Gains and losses realized from transactions, including related party balances not considered permanent investments, that are denominated in currencies other than an entity’s functional currency are included in other expense, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) reported on our consolidated balance sheets consists of foreign currency translation adjustments. The change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) presented on the consolidated balance sheets for the year ended December 31, 2017, is reflected in the table below net of tax:
Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash is deposited in bank accounts with the Company’s primary cash management bank. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in highly liquid instruments with, and in the custody of, financial institutions with high credit ratings. The Company did not have any cash equivalents or investments in money market funds as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and accounts receivable. The Company maintains our cash accounts in excess of federally insured limits. However, the Company believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which these deposits are held. The Company extends credit to customers in the normal course of business and performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable exist to the full extent of amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements. The Company does not require collateral from its customers to secure accounts receivable. Accounts receivable are derived from the sale of products shipped and services performed for customers located in the U.S. and throughout the world. Invoices are aged based on contractual terms with the customer. The Company reviews accounts receivable for collectability and provides an allowance for potential credit losses. The Company has not experienced material losses related to accounts receivable during the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Many of the sales contracts with customers outside of the U.S. are settled in a foreign currency other than the U.S. dollar. The Company does not enter into any foreign currency hedging agreements and is susceptible to gains and losses from foreign currency fluctuations. To date, the Company has not experienced significant gains or losses upon settling foreign contracts. At December 31, 2017, the Company had one customer with an accounts receivable balance totaling 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable (10%) compared with three customers at December 31, 2016 (18%, 16% and 11%) and one customer at December 31, 2015 (10%). The Company had no customers with sales of 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and one customer for the year ended December 31, 2015 (33%).
Inventories, net Inventories are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the average cost method. Parts from vendors are received and recorded as raw material. Once the raw materials are incorporated in the fabrication of the product, the related value of the component is recorded as work in progress (“WIP”). Direct and indirect labor and applicable overhead costs are also allocated and recorded to WIP inventory. Finished goods are comprised of completed products that are ready for customer shipment. The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of inventory on hand for potential excess amounts over sales and forecasted demand. Excess and obsolete inventories identified, if any, are recorded as an inventory impairment charge to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Our estimate of write downs for excess and obsolete inventory is based on a detailed analysis of on-hand inventory and purchase commitments in excess of forecasted demand. Subsequent disposals of inventories are recorded as a reduction of an inventory reserve. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally ranging from three to thirteen years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the related term of the lease. The costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed when incurred, while expenditures for refurbishments and improvements that significantly add to the productive capacity or extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. When assets are retired or sold, the asset cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, with any gain or loss reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company has evaluated its lease obligations and does not have any material asset retirement obligations. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company assesses the impairment of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable from the estimated future cash flows expected to result from the Company’s use or eventual disposition. If estimates of future undiscounted net cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets, the Company will record an impairment loss in the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the fair value. If the assets are determined to be recoverable, but the useful lives are shorter than originally estimated, the Company will depreciate or amortize the net book value of the assets over the newly determined remaining useful lives. None of the Company’s property and equipment or intangible assets were impaired as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. No impairment loss has been recognized in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. Goodwill The Company records goodwill when the purchase price of an acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired. We perform an annual impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist, which includes evaluating qualitative and quantitative factors to assess the likelihood of an impairment of goodwill. We perform impairment tests using a fair value approach when necessary. None of the Company’s goodwill was impaired as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. No impairment loss has been recognized in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015. For further discussion of goodwill, see Note 4 Equipois Acquisition. Warrants Issued in Connection with Financings We generally account for warrants issued in connection with debt and equity financings as a component of equity, unless the warrants include a conditional obligation to issue a variable number of shares or there is a deemed possibility that we may need to settle the warrants in cash. For warrants where there is a possibility that we may have to settle the warrants in cash, we estimate the fair value of the issued warrants as a liability at each reporting date and record changes in the estimated fair value as a non-cash gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair values of these warrants have been determined using the Binomial Lattice model (“Lattice”) and the Black-Scholes Option Pricing model. The Lattice model provides for assumptions regarding volatility, call and put features and risk-free interest rates within the total period to maturity. The Black-Scholes Model requires inputs, such as the expected term of the warrants, expected volatility and risk-free interest rate. These values are subject to a significant degree of judgment on our part. The Company’s common stock price represents a significant input that affects the valuation of the warrants. Business Combinations We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations, where the total purchase price is allocated to the tangible and identified intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The purchase price is allocated using the information currently available, and may be adjusted, up to one-year from the acquisition date, after obtaining more information regarding, among other things, asset valuations, liabilities assumed and revisions to preliminary estimates. Contingent consideration, if any, is recorded at the acquisition date based upon the estimated fair value of the contingent payments. The fair value of the contingent consideration is re-measured each reporting period with any adjustments in fair value being recognized in loss from operations. The purchase price in excess of the fair value of the tangible and identified intangible assets acquired less liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. Going Concern We assess our ability to continue as a going concern at every interim and annual period in accordance with ASC 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when the four basic criteria of revenue recognition are met:
When collaboration, other research arrangements, and product sales include multiple-element revenue arrangements, we account for these transactions by determining the elements, or deliverables, included in the arrangement and determining which deliverables are separable for accounting purposes. We consider delivered items to be separable if the delivered item(s) have stand-alone value to the customer and delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in control of the vendor. In the first quarter of 2018, we will adopt Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU 2014-09, as amended, will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP. (Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates – Recent Accounting Pronouncements of our consolidated financial statements). Medical Device Revenue and Cost of Revenue Recognition
The Company builds medical device robotic exoskeletons for sale and capitalizes into inventory materials, direct and indirect labor and overhead in connection with manufacture and assembly of these units. When the Company brought its first version medical device to market in 2012, the Company could not be certain as to the costs it would incur to support, maintain, service, and upgrade these early stage devices. Primarily for this reason, prior to January 1, 2016, the sale of a device, associated software, initial training, and extended support and maintenance were deemed as a single unit of accounting due to the uncertainty of the Company’s follow-up maintenance and upgrade expenses, which were forecast to extend over three years. Accordingly, the revenue from the sales of the device and associated cost of revenue were deferred at the time of shipment. Upon completion of training, the amount of the arrangements were recognized as revenue and cost of revenue over a three year period on a straight line basis, while all service expenses, whether or not covered by the Company’s original warranty, extended warranty contracts, or neither, were recognized as incurred. Effective January 1, 2016, the Company determined it had established (i) separate individual pricing for training, extended warranty coverage, and out-of-contract service or repairs, (ii) sufficient historical evidence of customer buying patterns for extended warranty and maintenance coverage, and (iii) a basis for estimating and recording warranty and service costs to allow the Company to separate its multiple element arrangements into two distinct units of accounting: (1) the device, associated software, original manufacturer warranty and training if required, and (2) extended support and maintenance. As a result, in the first quarter of 2016, the Company began to recognize revenue related to its sales transactions on a multiple element approach in which revenue is recognized upon the delivery of the separate elements to the customer. Revenue relating to the undelivered elements is deferred using the relative selling price method, which allocates revenue to each element using the estimated selling prices for the deliverables when vendor-specific objective evidence or third-party evidence is not available. For sales on or after January 1, 2016, revenue and associated cost of revenue of medical devices is recognized when delivered, or training has been completed, if required. Revenue for extended maintenance and support agreements is recognized on a straight line basis over the contractual term of the agreement, which typically ranges from one to four years. As a result of this change, the Company recognized medical device revenue previously deferred at December 31, 2015 of $6,517 and associated cost of revenue of $4,159, resulting in additional gross profit, reduction in net loss from operations, and reduction of net loss applicable to common stockholders of $2,358, or $0.13 per share, in its results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. In addition, the Company recorded $212 for warranty expenses and a one-time charge of $911 for a planned preventative maintenance and upgrade program associated with the devices it had sold prior to 2016 in the same time period. Industrial Sales Revenue and Cost of Revenue The Company builds industrial exoskeletons for sale and capitalizes into inventory materials, direct and indirect labor, and overhead in connection with the manufacture and assembly of these units. No right of return exists on sales of industrial exoskeletons. We assess collectability at the time of the sale and if collectability is not reasonably assured, the sale is deferred and not recognized until collectability is probable or payment is received. Typically, where product is produced and sold in the same country, title and risk of ownership transfer when the product is shipped. Products that are exported from a country for sale typically pass title and risk of ownership at the border of the destination country. Because our industrial products are produced in the U.S., title and risk of ownership generally transfer when the product is shipped, if shipped to a customer in the U.S. If we sell products to customers outside the U.S., title and risk of ownership is generally transferred at the border of the destination country. Engineering Services Revenue and Cost of Revenue
Collaborative arrangements typically consist of cost reimbursements for specific engineering and development spending, and future product royalty payments. Cost reimbursements for engineering and development spending are recognized as the related project labor hours are incurred in relation to all labor hours and when collectability is reasonably assured. Amounts received in advance are recorded as deferred revenue until the technology is transferred, services are rendered, or milestones are reached. Product royalty payments are recorded when earned under the arrangement. Government grants, which support the Company’s research efforts in specific projects, generally provide for reimbursement of approved costs as defined in the notices of grant awards. Grant revenue is recognized as the associated project labor hours are incurred in relation to total labor hours. There are some grants, such as the National Science Foundation grants, of which the Company draws upon and spends based on budgets preapproved by the grantor. The cost of engineering services revenue includes payroll and benefits, subcontractor expenses and materials. All costs related to engineering services are expensed as incurred and reported as cost of revenue. Deferred Revenues
In connection with the Company’s medical device sales and engineering services, the Company often receives cash payments before its earnings process is complete. In these instances, the Company records the payments as customer deposits until a device is shipped to the customer, or as customer advances in the case of research services until the earnings process is achieved. In both cases, the cash received is recorded as a component of deferred revenue. Deferred revenues consisted of the following:
Research and Development Research and development costs consist of costs incurred for internal research and development activities. These costs primarily include salaries and other personnel-related expenses, contractor fees, facility costs, supplies, and depreciation of equipment associated with the design and development of new products prior to the establishment of their technological feasibility. Such costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are recorded in sales and marketing expense as incurred. Advertising expense was $160, $108, and $25 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, income tax expense or benefit is recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and for deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements or tax returns. The Company accounts for any income tax contingencies in accordance with accounting guidance for income taxes. The measurement of current and deferred tax assets and liabilities is based on provisions of currently enacted tax laws. The effects of any future changes in tax laws or rates have not been considered. For the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements included herein, the Company estimates its income taxes and tax contingencies in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it operates prior to the completion and filing of its tax returns. This process involves estimating actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as deferred revenue, for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in net deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company must then assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be realizable, and to the extent they believe that realizability is not likely, the Company must establish a valuation allowance. In assessing the need for any additional valuation allowance, the Company considers all the evidence available to it, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, legislative developments, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. Stock-based Compensation
The Company measures stock-based compensation expense for certain stock-based awards made to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value of the award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and recognizes the fair value on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards. Stock-based awards made to non-employees are measured and recognized based on the estimated fair value on the vesting date and are re-measured at each reporting period. The Company’s determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model is affected by the Company’s stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors. Because there is insufficient information available to estimate the expected term of the stock-based awards, the Company adopted the simplified method of estimating the expected term pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 14. On this basis, the Company estimated the expected term of options granted by taking the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The Company has, from time to time, modified the terms of its stock options to employees. The Company accounts for the incremental increase in the fair value over the original award on the date of the modification as an expense for vested awards or over the remaining service (vesting) period for unvested awards. The incremental compensation cost is the excess of the fair value of the modified award on the date of modification over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The updated standard will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP. The new standard introduces a five-step process to be followed in determining the amount and timing of revenue recognition. It also provides guidance on accounting for costs incurred to obtain or fulfill contracts with customers, and establishes disclosure requirements which are more extensive than those required under existing U.S. GAAP. The FASB has issued numerous amendments to ASU 2014-09 from August 2015 through January 2018, which provide supplemental and clarifying guidance, as well as amend the effective date of the new standard. ASU 2014-09, as amended, is effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2018. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or modified retrospective (cumulative effect) transition method. The Company adopted the new standard using the modified retrospective transition method. Although we have not fully completed our analysis of this new revenue recognition guidance, we do not believe that such guidance will materially impact the aggregate amount and timing of our revenue recognition subsequent to adoption, nor do we expect a significant cumulative adjustment to our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018. However, the Company will provide enhanced revenue recognition disclosures as required by the new standard. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) which will require lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. For finance leases, a lessee is required to: (1) recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in the statement of financial position, (2) recognize interest on the lease liability separately from amortization of the right-of-use asset in the statement of comprehensive income, and (3) classify repayments of the principal portion of the lease liability within financing activities and payments of interest on the lease liability and variable lease payments within operating activities in the statement of cash flows. For operating leases, a lessee is required to: (1) recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in the statement of financial position, (2) recognize a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term on a generally straight-line basis, and (3) classify all cash payments within operating activities in the statement of cash flows. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-04 eliminated the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities are required to record an impairment charge based on the excess of the carrying amount over its fair value. The new standard will be effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the impact of adopting ASU 2017-04 to be material on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2017-09). The FASB issued the update to provide clarity and reduce the cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718. The amendments in this update provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. ASU 2017-09 is effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2018. The Company does not expect the impact of adopting ASU 2017-09 to be material on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2017 In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09 Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions for public companies, including: (1) income tax consequences, (2) classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and (3) classification on the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09 and elected to change its accounting policy to account for forfeitures as they occur to more closely align compensation expense to services provided. The change was applied on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings of $171 as of January 1, 2017. |
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