Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Income Taxes

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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The domestic and foreign components of pre-tax loss for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
Domestic $ (9,069) $ (14,954)
Foreign (695) (871)
Loss before income taxes $ (9,764) $ (15,825)

The Company had no current or deferred federal and state income tax expense or benefit for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 because the Company generated net operating losses, and currently management does not believe it is more likely than not that the net operating losses will be realized. The Company’s non-U.S. tax obligation is primarily for business activities conducted through Germany and Singapore for which taxes were included in other expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and determined to be immaterial and accordingly, such amounts were excluded from the following tables.

Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 differed from the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to pretax loss as a result of the following:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
Federal tax at statutory rate 21.0  % 21.0  %
State tax, net of federal tax effect —  — 
R&D credit 0.4  — 
Change in valuation allowance (31.3) (16.6)
Unrealized gain on warrant 8.5  (4.5)
PPP Loan Forgiveness 2.4  — 
Other (1.9) 0.6 
Foreign exchange 0.9  (0.5)
Total tax expense (benefit) —  % —  %

The tax effects of temporary differences and related deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
December 31,
2021 2020
Deferred tax assets:
Depreciation and other $ 257  $ 235 
Net operating loss carryforwards 47,579  43,241 
Research and development tax credits 1,899  1,837 
Accruals and reserves 395  380 
Deferred revenue 377  401 
Stock compensation expense 2,763  2,547 
Lease assets 30  110 
Other 20  37 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Lease liabilities (28) (88)
Prepaid expenses (32) (27)
Less: Valuation allowance (53,260) (48,673)
Net deferred tax asset (liability) $ —  $ — 

The Company’s accounting for deferred taxes involves the evaluation of a number of factors concerning the realizability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets. The Company primarily considered such factors as the Company’s history of operating losses, the nature of the Company’s deferred tax assets, and the timing, likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences and carryforwards become deductible. The Company does not believe that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized; accordingly, a full valuation allowance was established and no deferred tax assets were shown in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The valuation allowance increased by $4,587 and $3,192 in the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

For tax years beginning after December 31, 2018, the Global Intangible Low-taxed Income ("GILTI") took effect. Due to the aggregated losses of the foreign subsidiaries, there was no GILTI inclusion for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

On March 27, 2020 the U.S. enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the CARES Act). On December 21, 2020, The U.S. Congress passed the Consolidation Appropriations Act, 2021 (the CAA Act). The Company evaluated the provisions of the CARES Act and CCA Act and determined that it did not result in a significant impact on its tax provision.

On June 29, 2020 California Assembly Bill 85 (AB 85) was signed into law, which suspended the use of California net operating losses and limits the use of California research tax credits for tax years beginning in 2020 and before 2023. However,
on February 9, 2022 California Senate Bill 113 (SB 113) was signed into law and removed the limitation on the net operating losses and credits for the 2022 year and allows, after taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2022, the ability to utilize net operating losses and credits. These recent changes in the suspension of net operating losses and the restriction of research tax credits did not result in a significant impact on the value of the Company's deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2021 the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $176,926. The federal net operating loss carryforwards of $120,792 generated before January 1, 2018 will begin to expire in 2027, and $56,134 will carryforward indefinitely but are subject to the 80% taxable income limitation. The Company also had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of $1,997 that will expire beginning in 2031, if not utilized.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of $114,741, which will begin to expire in 2028. The Company also had state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $677, which have no expiration.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $10,350. The foreign net operating loss carryforwards do not expire.

Utilization of the Company’s net operating losses and credit carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations in the event of a Section 382 ownership change. Such future limitations could result in the expiration of net operating losses and credit carryforwards before utilization as a result of such an ownership change.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2021 2020
Beginning balances as of January 1, 2021 and 2020 $ 645  $ 637 
Increase of unrecognized tax benefits taken in prior years 1  1 
Increase of unrecognized tax benefits related to current year 22  7 
Ending balances as of January 1, 2021 and 2020 $ 668  $ 645 

If the Company is able to recognize these uncertain tax positions, the unrecognized tax benefits would not impact the effective tax rate if the Company applies a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets, as provided in the Company’s current policy.
The Company had not incurred any material tax interest or penalties as of December 31, 2021. The Company does not anticipate any significant change within 12 months of this reporting date of its uncertain tax positions. The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various state jurisdictions, Germany, and Singapore. There are no ongoing examinations by taxing authorities at this time. The Company’s tax years 2007 through 2021 will remain open for examination by the federal and state authorities for three and four years, respectively, from the date of utilization of any net operating loss credits. The Company’s 2016 to 2021 tax years will remain open for examination by the German tax authority for four years from the end of the year in which the applicable return was filed. The Company’s 2018 to 2021 tax years will remain open for examination by the Singapore tax authority for four years from the date of the applicable assessment.